Police State, Revolution and Liberal State (1760-1865): "In tribute to António Manuel Hespanha"

Abstract

If some imagine that society and the political system have radically changed with the triumph of the 1820 revolution, others see  liberalism as a regeneration of the past while others still opt for evidencing the continuity between the Ancien Régime and  Liberalism. This paper derives from those readings and aims to contribute to (dis)associating the nature and governance of the Police State in the second half of the 19th century with the result of the political and social practices of the Liberal State, five decades after the constitutional monarchy was implemented (1866). Our work will be based on the evidences suggested by the budgets and 
the list of public servants (1866) and what we know about the end of the Ancien Régime.